As noted previously, I have been working on the index for my forthcoming book Gun Curious. That work has me reflecting on the number of people who have influenced my thinking about guns and gun culture. These individuals are (partially) recognized in the book’s acknowledgments, the text and corresponding index, and (as a scholar, especially) in the bibliography.

This entry’s title is drawn from a well-known aphorism commonly attributed to Sir Isaac Newton: “If I have seen farther, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.”

My own feeling is a bit more like the original version that John of Salisbury attributed to Bernard de Chartres:

“Bernard of Chartres used to say that we are like dwarfs on the shoulders of giants, so that we can see more than they, and things at a greater distance, not by virtue of any sharpness of sight on our part, or any physical distinction, but because we are carried high and raised up by their giant size.”

Metalogicon (1159)

Whether I have seen more and at a greater distance in Gun Curious is yet to be determined, of course. But the body of writing on guns and gun culture on which I am carried is listed below.

Selected References

I list here books, scholarly articles, and other major sources referenced in the endnotes. Full citations to online sources, blogs, news stories, and the like are provided in the book’s endnotes.

Anderson, Carol. 2021. The Second: Race and Guns in a Fatally Unequal America. New York: Bloomsbury.

Andor, Mark A., Andreas Gerster, Kenneth T. Gillingham, and Marco Horvath. 2020. “Running a Car Costs Much More than People Think — Stalling the Uptake of Green Travel.” Nature 580 (7804): 453–55.

Anscombe, F. J. 1973. “Graphs in Statistical Analysis.” The American Statistician 27 (1): 17–21.

Ayoob, Massad F. 1980. In the Gravest Extreme: The Role of the Firearm in Personal Protection. Concord, NH: Police Bookshelf.

Azrael, Deborah, Lisa Hepburn, David Hemenway, and Matthew Miller. 2017. “The Stock and Flow of U.S. Firearms: Results from the 2015 National Firearms Survey.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 3 (5): 38–57.

Azrael, Deborah, and Matthew J. Miller. 2016. “Reducing Suicide Without Affecting Underlying Mental Health.” In The International Handbook of Suicide Prevention, 637–62. New York: Wiley.

Barrett, Paul M. 2012. Glock: The Rise of America’s Gun. New York: Broadway Books.

Bartocci, Christopher R. 2004. Black Rifle II: The M16 Into the 21st Century. Cobourg, Ontario: Collector Grade Publications.

Baum, Dan. 2013. Gun Guys: A Road Trip. New York: Knopf.

Becker, Gavin de. 1998. The Gift of Fear: And Other Survival Signals That Protect Us from Violence. New York: Dell.

Berger, Peter L. 1963. Invitation to Sociology: A Humanistic Perspective. New York: Anchor.

Bernabei, Leo. 2023. “Taking Aim at New York’s Concealed Carry Improvement Act.” Fordham Law Review 91 (1): 103–42.

Berrigan, John, Deborah Azrael, and Matthew Miller. 2022. “The Number and Type of Private Firearms in the United States.” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 704 (1): 70–90.

Betz, Marian E., Jill Harkavy-Friedman, Fatimah Loren Dreier, Rob Pincus, and Megan L. Ranney. 2021. “Talking About ‘Firearm Injury’ and ‘Gun Violence’: Words Matter.” American Journal of Public Health 111 (12): 2105–10.

Bingham, Paul M. 1999. “Human Uniqueness: A General Theory.” The Quarterly Review of Biology 74 (2): 133–69.

Bingham, Paul M. 2000. “Human Evolution and Human History: A Complete Theory.” Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 9 (6): 248–57.

Bingham, Paul M., and Joanne Souza. 2009. Death from a Distance and the Birth of a Humane Universe: Human Evolution, Behavior, History, and Your Future. Charleston, SC: BookSurge Publishing.

Blackstone, William. 1979. Commentaries on the Laws of England: A Facsimile of the First Edition of 1765-1769, Vol. 1. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Bond, Allison E., Aleksandr T. Karnick, Daniel W. Capron, and Michael D. Anestis. 2023. “Predicting Potential Underreporting of Firearm Ownership in a Nationally Representative Sample.” Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, June.

Branca, Andrew F., and Massad Ayoob. 2016. The Law of Self Defense: The Indispensable Guide to the Armed Citizen. 3rd edition. West Bend, WI: Delta Defense.

Browder, Laura. 2006. Her Best Shot: Women and Guns in America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

Brown, William F. 2016. Perspectives: The Evolution of The Cosmos, Life, Humans, Culture and Religion and A Look Into The Future. Victoria, BC: FriesenPress.

Bruce-Briggs, B. 1976. “The Great American Gun War.” The Public Interest, no. 45 (Fall): 37–62.

Busse, Ryan. 2021. Gunfight: My Battle Against the Industry That Radicalized America. New York: PublicAffairs.

Buttrick, Nicholas. 2020. “Protective Gun Ownership as a Coping Mechanism.” Perspectives on Psychological Science 15 (4): 835–55.

Carlson, Jennifer. 2015. Citizen-Protectors: The Everyday Politics of Guns in an Age of Decline. New York: Oxford University Press.

Carlson, Jennifer. 2019. “Revisiting the Weberian Presumption: Gun Militarism, Gun Populism, and the Racial Politics of Legitimate Violence in Policing.” American Journal of Sociology 125 (3): 633–82.

Carlson, Jennifer. 2023. Merchants of the Right: Gun Sellers and the Crisis of American Democracy. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press.

Carlson, Jennifer, and Jessica Cobb. 2017. “From Play to Peril: A Historical Examination of Media Coverage of Accidental Shootings Involving Children*.” Social Science Quarterly 98 (2): 397–412.

Carlson, Jennifer, and Rina James. 2022. “Conspicuously Concealed: Federal Funding, Knowledge Production, and the Criminalization of Gun Research.” Sociological Perspectives 65 (1): 196–215.

Chalfin, Aaron, Jacob Kaplan, and Maria Cuellar. 2021. “Measuring Marginal Crime Concentration: A New Solution to an Old Problem.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 58 (4): 467–504.

Charles, Jacob D. 2023. “The Dead Hand of a Silent Past: Bruen, Gun Rights, and the Shackles of History.” Duke Law Journal 73 (1): 67–155.

Charles, Jacob D., Joseph Blocher, and Darrell A. H. Miller. 2023. “‘A Map Is Not The Territory’: The Theory and Future of Sensitive Places Doctrine.” SSRN Scholarly Paper. Rochester, NY. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=4325454.

Charles, Patrick. 2016. “The Faces of the Second Amendment Outside the Home, Take Two: How We Got Here and Why It Matters.” Cleveland State Law Review 64 (3): 373–481.

Chase, Kenneth. 2008. Firearms: A Global History to 1700. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Chivers, C. J. 2010. The Gun. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Cobb, Charles E. Jr. 2015. This Nonviolent Stuff’ll Get You Killed: How Guns Made the Civil Rights Movement Possible. Durham: Duke University Press.

Combs, Thatcher Phoenix. 2022. “Queers with Guns? Against the LGBT Grain.” Sociological Perspectives 65 (1): 58–76.

Cook, Philip J., and Kristin A. Goss. 2014. The Gun Debate: What Everyone Needs to Know. New York: Oxford University Press.

Cooper, Jeff. 2006. Principles Of Personal Defense. Revised. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press.

Cramer, Clayton E. 2018. Lock, Stock, and Barrel: The Origins of American Gun Culture. Santa Barbara: Praeger.

Cramer, Clayton E., and David B. Kopel. 1994. “Shall Issue: The New Wave of Concealed Handgun Permit Laws.” Tenn. L. Rev. 62: 679–757.

Crowder, Trae, Corey Ryan Forrester, and Drew Morgan. 2016. The Liberal Redneck Manifesto: Draggin’ Dixie Outta the Dark. New York: Atria Books.

Depetris-Chauvin, Emilio. 2015. “Fear of Obama: An Empirical Study of the Demand for Guns and the U.S. 2008 Presidential Election.” Journal of Public Economics 130 (October): 66–79.

Diaz, Tom. 2013. The Last Gun: How Changes in the Gun Industry Are Killing Americans and What It Will Take to Stop It. New York: The New Press.

Donohue, John J. 2022. “The Effect of Permissive Gun Laws on Crime.” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 704 (1): 92–117.

Dowd, M. Denise, Robert D. Sege, H. Garry Gardner, Kyran P. Quinlan, Michele Burns Ewald, Beth E. Ebel, Richard Lichenstein, et al. 2012. “Firearm-Related Injuries Affecting the Pediatric Population.” Pediatrics 130 (5): e1416–23.

Dunbar-Ortiz, Roxanne. 2018. Loaded: A Disarming History of the Second Amendment. San Francisco: City Lights Publishers.

Duwe, Grant. 2007. Mass Murder in the United States: A History. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland & Company.

English, William. 2022. “2021 National Firearms Survey: Updated Analysis Including Types of Firearms Owned.” SSRN Scholarly Paper. Rochester, NY.

Fiske, Alan Page, and Tage Shakti Rai. 2014. “Violence for Goodness’ Sake.” New Scientist 224 (2997): 30–31.

Fiske, Alan Page, and Tage Shakti Rai. 2015. Virtuous Violence: Hurting and Killing to Create, Sustain, End, and Honor Social Relationships. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Follman, Mark. 2022. Trigger Points: Inside the Mission to Stop Mass Shootings in America. New York: Dey Street Books.

Fowler, Katherine A., Linda L. Dahlberg, Tadesse Haileyesus, and Joseph L. Annest. 2015. “Firearm Injuries in the United States.” Preventive Medicine 79 (October): 5–14.

Gardner, Daniel. 2018. The Science of Fear: Why We Fear the Things We Shouldn’t–and Put Ourselves in Greater Danger. New York: Dutton.

Gibson, James William. 1994. Warrior Dreams: Violence and Manhood in Post-Vietnam America. New York: Hill & Wang.

Glassner, Barry. 2010. The Culture of Fear: Why Americans Are Afraid of the Wrong Things: Crime, Drugs, Minorities, Teen Moms, Killer Kids, Mutant Microbes, Plane Crashes, Road Rage, & So Much More. Anniversary edition. New York: Basic Books.

Goldstick, Jason E., Rebecca M. Cunningham, and Patrick M. Carter. 2022. “Current Causes of Death in Children and Adolescents in the United States.” New England Journal of Medicine 386 (20): 1955–56.

Gössling, Stefan, Jessica Kees, and Todd Litman. 2022. “The Lifetime Cost of Driving a Car.” Ecological Economics 194 (April): 107335.

Grossman, Richard S., and Stephen A. Lee. 2008. “May Issue versus Shall Issue: Explaining the Pattern of Concealed-Carry Handgun Laws, 1960-2001.” Contemporary Economic Policy 26 (2): 198–206.

Haag, Pamela. 2016. The Gunning of America: Business and the Making of American Gun Culture. New York: Basic Books.

Haidt, Jonathan. 2013. The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion. New York: Vintage.

Halbrook, Stephen P. 2022. America’s Rifle: The Case for the AR-15. New York: Bombardier Books.

Hammes, Thomas X. 2006. The Sling and the Stone: On War in the 21st Century. St. Paul, MN: Zenith Press.

Hemenway, David, Steven Rausher, Pina Violano, Toby A. Raybould, and Catherine W. Barber. 2019. “Firearms Training: What Is Actually Taught?” Injury Prevention 25 (2): 123–28.

Hemenway, David, and Sara J. Solnick. 2015. “The Epidemiology of Self-Defense Gun Use: Evidence from the National Crime Victimization Surveys 2007–2011.” Preventive Medicine 79 (October): 22–27.

Hepburn, Lisa, Matthew Miller, Deborah Azrael, and David Hemenway. 2007. “The US Gun Stock: Results from the 2004 National Firearms Survey.” Injury Prevention 13 (1): 15–19.

Hessbruegge, Jan Arno. 2017. Human Rights and Personal Self-Defense in International Law. New York: Oxford University Press.

Hofstadter, Richard. 1970. “America as a Gun Culture.” American Heritage, October 1970.

Howe, Paul R. 2011. Leadership and Training for the Fight: Using Special Operations Principles to Succeed in Law Enforcement, Business, and War. New York: Skyhorse.

Johnson, Nicholas. 2014. Negroes and the Gun: The Black Tradition of Arms. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.

Johnson, Nicholas J., David B. Kopel, George A. Mocsary, E. Gregory Wallace, and Donald E. Kilmer. 2021. Firearms Law and the Second Amendment: Regulation, Rights, and Policy. 3rd edition. New York: Aspen Publishing.

Jones, David S., and Scott H. Podolsky. 2015. “The History and Fate of the Gold Standard.” The Lancet 385 (9977): 1502–3.

Jooyoung Lee. 2012. “Wounded: Life after the Shooting.” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 642 (1): 244–57.

Joslyn, Mark R. 2020. The Gun Gap: The Influence of Gun Ownership on Political Behavior and Attitudes. New York: Oxford University Press.

Kahan, Dan M., and Donald Braman. 2003. “More Statistics, Less Persuasion: A Cultural Theory of Gun-Risk Perceptions.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 151 (4): 1291–1327.

Kellermann, Arthur L. 1997. “Comment: Gunsmoke–Changing Public Attitudes toward Smoking and Firearms.” American Journal of Public Health 87 (6): 910–13.

Kellermann, Arthur L., Frederick P. Rivara, Joyce G. Banton, Donald T. Reay, and Corinne Fligner. 1990. “Validating Survey Responses to Questions about Gun Ownership among Owners of Registered Handguns.” American Journal of Epidemiology 131 (6): 1080–84.

Kellermann, Arthur L., Frederick P. Rivara, Norman B. Rushforth, Joyce G. Banton, Donald T. Reay, Jerry T. Francisco, Ana B. Locci, Janice Prodzinski, Bela B. Hackman, and Grant Somes. 1993. “Gun Ownership as a Risk Factor for Homicide in the Home.” New England Journal of Medicine 329 (15): 1084–91.

Kellermann, Arthur L., Frederick P. Rivara, Grant Somes, Donald T. Reay, Jerry Francisco, Joyce Gillentine Banton, Janice Prodzinski, Corinne Fligner, and Bela B. Hackman. 1992. “Suicide in the Home in Relation to Gun Ownership.” New England Journal of Medicine 327 (7): 467–72.

Kennett, Lee, and James LaVerne Anderson. 1975. The Gun in America: The Origins of a National Dilemma. Westport, CT: Praeger.

Kidd, Celeste, and Benjamin Y. Hayden. 2015. “The Psychology and Neuroscience of Curiosity.” Neuron 88 (3): 449–60.

Kohn, Abigail A. 2004. Shooters: Myths and Realities of America’s Gun Cultures. New York: Oxford University Press.

Kurzman, Charles. 2019. The Missing Martyrs: Why Are There So Few Muslim Terrorists? 2nd edition. New York: Oxford University Press.

Lacombe, Matthew J. 2021. Firepower: How the NRA Turned Gun Owners into a Political Force. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Lagerfeld, Karl. 2000. Karl Lagerfeld: Escape from Circumstances. Göttingen: Steidl.

Larkin, Tim. 2017. When Violence Is the Answer: Learning How to Do What It Takes When Your Life Is at Stake. New York: Little, Brown.

LeCount, Ryan Jerome. 2022. “Who Wants to Know? White Racial Attitudes and Survey Item Refusal on Gun Ownership Questions.” Sociological Inquiry 92 (1): 153–99.

Lee, Lois K., Katherine Douglas, and David Hemenway. 2022. “Crossing Lines — A Change in the Leading Cause of Death among U.S. Children.” New England Journal of Medicine 386 (16): 1485–87.

Legault, Richard L., Nicole Hendrix, and Alan J. Lizotte. 2019. “Caught in a Crossfire: Legal and Illegal Gun Ownership in America.” In Handbook on Crime and Deviance, edited by Marvin D. Krohn, Nicole Hendrix, Gina Penly Hall, and Alan J. Lizotte, 533–54. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. New York: Springer.

Leonhard, Robert R. 2019. “Case Studies in Insurgency and Revolutionary Warfare: The Patriot Insurgency (1763-1789).” Fort Bragg, NC: US Army Special Operations Command.

Light, Caroline. 2017. Stand Your Ground: A History of America’s Love Affair with Lethal Self-Defense. Boston: Beacon Press.

Lindgren, James, and Justin Heather. 2002. “Counting Guns in Early America.” William & Mary Law Review 43 (5): 1777–1842.

Lott, John R. 2022. “Concealed Carry Permit Holders Across the United States: 2022.” SSRN Scholarly Paper. Rochester, NY.

Luke, Timothy W. 2019. “Counting Up AR-15s: The Subject of Assault Rifles and the Assault Rifle as Subject.” In The Lives of Guns, edited by Jonathan Obert, Andrew Poe, and Austin Sarat, 70–92. New York: Oxford University Press.

Manseau, Peter. 2016. Melancholy Accidents: Three Centuries of Stray Bullets and Bad Luck. Brooklyn: Melville House.

Marean, Curtis W. 2015. “An Evolutionary Anthropological Perspective on Modern Human Origins.” Annual Review of Anthropology 44 (1): 533–56.

Martínez-Alés, Gonzalo, Tammy Jiang, Katherine M. Keyes, and Jaimie L. Gradus. 2022. “The Recent Rise of Suicide Mortality in the United States.” Annual Review of Public Health 43 (1): 99–116.

McCaughey, Martha. 1997. Real Knockouts: The Physical Feminism of Women’s Self-Defense. New York: NYU Press.

McKevitt, Andrew C. 2023. Gun Country: Gun Capitalism, Culture, and Control in Cold War America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

McPherson, Miller, Lynn Smith-Lovin, and James M Cook. 2001. “Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks.” Annual Review of Sociology 27 (1): 415–44.

McWhirter, Cameron, and Zusha Elinson. 2023. American Gun: The True Story of the AR-15. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Metzl, Jonathan M. 2019a. Dying of Whiteness: How the Politics of Racial Resentment Is Killing America’s Heartland. New York: Basic Books.

Metzl, Jonathan M. 2019b. “What Guns Mean: The Symbolic Lives of Firearms.” Palgrave Communications 5 (1): 1–5.

Metzl, Jonathan M. 2024. What We’ve Become: Living and Dying in a Country of Arms. New York: W. W. Norton.

Miller, Matthew, and Deborah Azrael. 2022. “Firearm Storage in US Households With Children: Findings From the 2021 National Firearm Survey.” JAMA Network Open 5 (2): e2148823.

Miller, Matthew, Wilson Zhang, and Deborah Azrael. 2022. “Firearm Purchasing During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results From the 2021 National Firearms Survey.” Annals of Internal Medicine 175 (2): 219–25.

Mitenbuler, Reid. 2015. Bourbon Empire: The Past and Future of America’s Whiskey. New York: Viking.

Miyan, Randy. 2021. “The Liberal Gun Owner Lens, Pillar 1: The Human-Weapon Relationship – Evolution, Anthropology, and Human Innateness.” https://lgolens.com/anthropillar/.

Mocsary, George, and Debora Person. 2021. “A Brief History of Public Carry in Wyoming.” Wyoming Law Review 21 (2): 341–68.

Morrison, Gregory B., and Jeff Cooper. 1991. The Modern Technique of the Pistol. Paulden, AZ: Gunsite Press.

Nars, Francois. 1999. X-Ray. New York: powerHouse Books.

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O’Connor, James F., and Alan Lizotte. 1978. “The ‘Southern Subculture of Violence’ Thesis and Patterns of Gun Ownership.” Social Problems 25 (4): 420–29.

Papachristos, Andrew V., Anthony A. Braga, and David M. Hureau. 2012. “Social Networks and the Risk of Gunshot Injury.” Journal of Urban Health 89 (6): 992–1003.

Papachristos, Andrew V., and Christopher Wildeman. 2014. “Network Exposure and Homicide Victimization in an African American Community.” American Journal of Public Health 104 (1): 143–50.

Papachristos, Andrew V., Christopher Wildeman, and Elizabeth Roberto. 2015. “Tragic, but Not Random: The Social Contagion of Nonfatal Gunshot Injuries.” Social Science & Medicine 125 (January): 139–50.

Parker, Kim, Juliana Horowitz, Ruth Igielnik, Baxter Oliphant, and Anna Brown. 2017. “America’s Complex Relationship with Guns.” Washington, DC: Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2017/06/22/americas-complex-relationship-with-guns/.

Patrick, Brian Anse. 2009. Rise of the Anti-Media: In-Forming America’s Concealed Weapon Carry Movement. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.

Peterson, Jillian, and James Densley. 2021. The Violence Project: How to Stop a Mass Shooting Epidemic. New York: Harry N. Abrams.

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Reeping, Paul M., Allison Mak, Charles C. Branas, Ariana N. Gobaud, and Michael L. Nance. 2023. “Firearm Death Rates in Rural vs Urban US Counties.” JAMA Surgery 158 (7): 771–72.

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Rowhani-Rahbar, Ali, Vivian H. Lyons, Joseph A. Simonetti, Deborah Azrael, and Matthew Miller. 2018. “Formal Firearm Training among Adults in the USA: Results of a National Survey.” Injury Prevention 24 (2): 161–65.

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Spitzer, Robert J. 2022. The Gun Dilemma: How History Is Against Expanded Gun Rights. New York: Oxford University Press.

Steidley, Trent. 2019. “Sharing the Monopoly on Violence? Shall-Issue Concealed Handgun License Laws and Responsibilization.” Sociological Perspectives 62 (6): 929–47.

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———. 2016. Good Guys with Guns: The Appeal and Consequences of Concealed Carry. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

Studdert, David M., Yifan Zhang, Sonja A. Swanson, Lea Prince, Jonathan A. Rodden, Erin E. Holsinger, Matthew J. Spittal, Garen J. Wintemute, and Matthew Miller. 2020. “Handgun Ownership and Suicide in California.” New England Journal of Medicine 382 (23): 2220–29.

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Yamane, David. 2016. “Awash in a Sea of Faith and Firearms: Rediscovering the Connection Between Religion and Gun Ownership in America.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 55 (3): 622–36.

Yamane, David. 2017. “The Sociology of U.S. Gun Culture.” Sociology Compass 11 (7): e12497.

Yamane, David. 2021a. “Understanding and Misunderstanding America’s Gun Culture.” In Understanding America’s Gun Culture, edited by Lisa Fischer and Craig Hovey, Second Edition, 175–92. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.

Yamane, David.  2021b. Concealed Carry Revolution: Liberalizing the Right to Bear Arms in America. Updated Edition. Hiawassee, GA: Shades Creek Press.

Yamane, David. 2022. “Gun Culture 2.0: The Evolution and Contours of Defensive Gun Ownership in America.” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 704 (1): 20–43.

Yamane, David, Sebastian L. Ivory, and Paul Yamane. 2019. “The Rise of Self-Defense in Gun Advertising: The American Rifleman, 1918-2017.” In Gun Studies: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Politics, Policy, and Practice, edited by Jennifer Carlson, Kristen Goss, and Harel Shapira, 9–27. New York: Routledge.

Yamane, David, Riley Satterwhite, and Paul Yamane. 2021. “A Woman’s Place in Gun Advertisements: The American Rifleman, 1920-2019.” In Understanding America’s Gun Culture, edited by Lisa Fisher and Craig Hovey, Second Edition, 91–111. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.

Yamane, David, Paul Yamane, and Sebastian L. Ivory. 2020. “Targeted Advertising: Documenting the Emergence of Gun Culture 2.0 in Guns Magazine, 1955–2019.” Palgrave Communications 6 (1): 1–9.